大白鲨 Great White Shark(CN/EN)Subtitles
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1 00:00:29 On dry land,we feel at home.
2 00:00:33 We feel safe.
3 00:00:37 Place us in the dark open sea,
4 00:00:41 we're not so confident.
5 00:00:46 For centuries,we've imagined the ocean
6 00:00:49 to be filled withnightmarish creatures.
7 00:00:53 Now, all our fears arefocused on one animal.
8 00:01:00 But is it the monsterwe've imagined it to be?
9 00:02:13 Sleek, streamlinedand perfectly adapted,
10 00:02:17 sharks evolved long beforemammals, birds or even dinosaurs.
11 00:02:26 For almost halfa billion years,
12 00:02:28 they have played a crucialrole in the marine ecosystem.
13 00:02:36 And sharks have survived eventsthat wiped out the dinosaurs
14 00:02:40 and transformed life on earth.
15 00:02:46 The vast majority of fish inthe sea have bony skeletons.
16 00:02:53 But sharks don't havea bone in their body.
17 00:02:59 Bony fish may haveevolved into the largest
18 00:03:02 and one ofthe most varied groups
19 00:03:04 of vertebratespecies on the planet,
20 00:03:07 but sharks endured.
21 00:03:10 Partly because they made suchincredibly efficient hunters.
22 00:03:18 Sharks are one of evolution'sgreatest success stories.
23 00:03:23 Until now.
24 00:03:28 With the rise indemand for shark fin soup,
25 00:03:32 every year tens ofmillions of sharks
26 00:03:35 are killed primarilyfor their fins.
27 00:03:38 Some shark populationshave been reduced by 99%,
28 00:03:44 and many oceanicsharks face extinction.
29 00:03:49 But the combined efforts ofpeople all over the world
30 00:03:52 are helping oneshark fight back.
31 00:03:57 Carcharodon carcharias,the great white.
32 00:04:19 Up to 20 foot long,
33 00:04:21 weighing over two tons, it's thelargest of the carnivorous sharks.
34 00:04:29 It has excellent eyesightand sense of smell,
35 00:04:32 but can also detect vibrations inthe water along its entire body.
36 00:04:39 It can even detect the electricitygenerated by living things.
37 00:04:46 With the combination of a softskeleton and powerful tail muscles,
38 00:04:51 it is flexible and fast.
39 00:04:57 Its speed is helpedby its elastic skin,
40 00:05:00 covered in tiny teeth-likescales called "denticles."
41 00:05:07 And much like mammals,it gives birth to live pups.
42 00:05:12 It also has a methodof regulating its body heat,
43 00:05:15 so the great whiteis not cold-blooded.
44 00:05:23 It's truly a global species.
45 00:05:26 Its range stretchesthroughout the pacific,
46 00:05:29 across the Indianand Atlantic oceans
47 00:05:31 and even intothe mediterranean.
48 00:05:35 From time to timethey do come close inshore,
49 00:05:39 with the possibilityof human interaction.
50 00:05:42 But you are more likely to bekilled by falling out of bed
51 00:05:46 than by any shark.
52 00:05:49 Our fear is outof all proportion.
53 00:05:52 Especially when we discoverthat some of us have been
54 00:05:55 living alongside white sharks ourwhole lives without even realizing.
55 00:06:05 Here in Los Angeles,there are great white sharks
56 00:06:07 just off the beachalmost every single day.
57 00:06:10 Ls our coastlinea hot spot for
58 00:06:13 the notorious greatwhite shark? Doug?
59 00:06:15 They're justbabies, Jackie.
60 00:06:17 These juvenile great white sharksare showing up off our shores
61 00:06:21 in greater numbersthan ever before.
62 00:06:23 And new research fromCal state university
63 00:06:26 has actually backed up increasingshark numbers here in California.
64 00:06:32 Dr. Chris lowe of the Calstate university in long beach
65 00:06:35 is one of many scientistsaround the world
66 00:06:38 trying to fathom the mysteriesof the great white.
67 00:06:42 Southern Californiais the nursery ground for
68 00:06:44 white sharks forthe eastern pacific.
69 00:06:47 You know, we heard about itbecause we heard that
70 00:06:49 local commercialfishermen were incidentally
71 00:06:51 catching themoccasionally in their nets.
72 00:06:53 Occasionally people will catchthem off the piers, fishing.
73 00:06:57 The sharks that we've tagged tendto spend their whole summer here,
74 00:07:00 in the Santa Monicabay area up into Malibu,
75 00:07:02 kind of movingalong the shoreline.
76 00:07:04 And then we found, based onour satellite tagging data,
77 00:07:07 that these sharksmigrate down to Mexico.
78 00:07:10 What we don't know iswhether they come back.
79 00:07:13 Now that they're federallyprotected, there are more sightings.
80 00:07:16 But Dr. lowe saysin south bay,
81 00:07:18 there has neveronce been an attack.
82 00:07:22 I mean, what peopleforget is you're far
83 00:07:24 more at riskdriving to the beach
84 00:07:26 than you would ever befrom encountering a shark.
85 00:07:29 Dr. lowe has been workingalongside monterey bay aquarium,
86 00:07:33 who have developed a technique forcapturing young white sharks.
87 00:07:37 With the help of local fishermen,a net is drawn in a huge arc
88 00:07:42 around a singlejuvenile great white.
89 00:07:45 One, two, three.
90 00:07:48 We put the sharkin a water bath.
91 00:07:50 And at that point,we can assess the shark.
92 00:07:52 John, you clear?
93 00:07:54 So we'll take a look at it.Look for scars and marks.
94 00:07:56 Any injuries that it may have.We'll measure it.
95 00:07:59 Once we've done that,we then roll the shark
96 00:08:01 over, and whenthe shark's inverted,
97 00:08:03 it goes to sleep.
98 00:08:05 It's a thing we call"tonic immobility,"
99 00:08:06 and at that point,the shark just lays there.
100 00:08:09 Then what we'll dois we'll surgically
101 00:08:11 implantan acoustic transmitter.
102 00:08:13 Now the transmittersthat we put in these
103 00:08:15 sharks are designedto last for 10 years.
104 00:08:17 Every shark gets a unique transmitterthat has its own special code.
105 00:08:21 So when that shark swimsby an acoustic receiver
106 00:08:23 out along the shoreline,
107 00:08:25 when it swims inthe detection range,
108 00:08:27 it'll tell usthe ID code, the date
109 00:08:29 and the time thatthat shark swam by.
110 00:08:30 If the sharksmigrate down to Mexico,
111 00:08:33 hopefully we'll be able todetect them when they come back
112 00:08:36 and we'll be able todo that for a decade.
113 00:08:38 Okay. Ready?
114 00:08:39 Probably the mostamazing thing
115 00:08:41 is that most peopledon't know that
116 00:08:42 right in our frontyard in Los Angeles
117 00:08:44 is the most importantnursery grounds
118 00:08:46 for white sharks inthe eastern pacific.
119 00:08:49 This is the second great white spottedoff venice beach in just two months.
120 00:08:53 But experts say not to worry, they'rebaby great whites, Jackie.
121 00:08:58 They're notinterested in humans.
122 00:09:00 Oh,i don't know, Doug.
123 00:09:02 I'm not going totrust that, Doug.
124 00:09:03 I'm not swimming with...I'll tell you what,
125 00:09:05 I'm not swimming with anybaby great whites...
126 00:09:07 - No, no, no, no.- ...Anytime soon.
127 00:09:11 We havea perfectly understandable
128 00:09:13 innate fear ofthe great white's jaws.
129 00:09:18 It can have over 300 razor-sharpteeth in multiple rows.
130 00:09:24 So when it loses a tooth, a backupsimply rolls forward to fill the gap.
131 00:09:30 And throughout their life, theywill produce thousands of teeth.
132 00:09:35 Unfortunately, their jawsare highly prized
133 00:09:39 and can fetch as much as$20,000 on the black market.
134 00:09:45 They also inspired a story thatintroduced the great white
135 00:09:48 to millions ofpeople around the world
136 00:09:50 and helpedto replace the tentacled
137 00:09:52 sea monsters ofour imagination
138 00:09:55 with one very real creature.
139 00:10:11 What the success ofPeter benchley's book
140 00:10:14 and Steven Spielberg'smovie has proved
141 00:10:17 is that however muchpeople fear sharks,
142 00:10:20 they are equallyfascinated by them.
143 00:10:24 Entrepreneurs all over the world
144 00:10:26 have realized real sharks
145 00:10:27 might be just as big anattraction as fake ones.
146 00:10:32 One place the whiteshark can be worth
147 00:10:35 more alive thandead is South Africa.
148 00:11:51 Gansbaai is the self-styled
149 00:11:53 great white shark cage-divingcapital of the world.
150 00:12:52 Cage diving is notwithout controversy.
151 00:12:56 By baiting sharkswith blood and fish,
152 00:12:58 are they learning to associatehuman activity with feeding?
153 00:13:03 But is this any different to thehundreds of thousands of fishing boats
154 00:13:07 casting their bait or cleaningtheir catch close to the shore?
155 00:13:12 Many would arguethat cage diving
156 00:13:15 is pivotal tochanging people's attitude,
157 00:13:18 and in 1991,South Africa became
158 00:13:20 the first country toprotect the great white shark.
159 00:13:28 In other parts of the world,
160 00:13:30 visitors don't observesharks from the surface.
161 00:13:37 Instead, the cages aresuspended underwater.
162 00:13:54 Shark-proof cages were firstdeveloped in Australia in the 1960s
163 00:13:59 as a way of observingand filming sharks.
164 00:14:04 So it is somethingof a conundrum
165 00:14:07 that whenever we observe greatwhites, they are also observing us.
166 00:14:24 There's only so much you can learnabout great whites by watching them
167 00:14:28 from behind bars.
168 00:14:31 Their real life remainssomething of a mystery.
169 00:14:56 It is my opinion thatgreat whites, for me, is the most
170 00:14:59 incredible, beautifulanimals on the planet.
171 00:15:04 Mike rutzen, one of southAfrica's leading cage dive operators,
172 00:15:09 is actively trying to change people'sattitude towards the great white.
173 00:15:14 He does this by gettingeven closer to the sharks.
174 00:15:20 Outside the cage.
175 00:15:27 Most people fear them. Mostpeople think they're the devil.
176 00:15:30 And that is becausethey do not know them.
177 00:15:33 They've never seen them andpeople like to fear the unknown.
178 00:15:41 And just the way she approaches the boat.What she does around the boat.
179 00:15:46 How curious she is. How sheinvestigates everything.
180 00:15:49 Is the animal goingto accept it or not?
181 00:15:59 They'll try to put youin a less dominant position
182 00:16:05 every time they approach.
183 00:16:08 With predatorslike the great white,
184 00:16:10 if you see him,keep eye contact
185 00:16:13 with the animal asmuch as possible.
186 00:16:15 They are looking foran edge and as soon
187 00:16:17 as you can seethem and they know
188 00:16:18 you're seeing them, they donot have the edge anymore.
189 00:16:28 Best animals for me to workwith is big female sharks.
190 00:16:32 They are very placid normally.If you get a big male,
191 00:16:36 he tells you what to do.
192 00:16:39 And then you get the smaller ones,they're like 17-year-old kids
193 00:16:43 and they try andsneak in and just cause
194 00:16:46 havoc sometimes likeany teenager would.
195 00:16:55 I like to saythat great whites
196 00:16:58 are the bestambassadors for themselves.
197 00:17:00 Through the documentaries and throughpeople actually coming out here
198 00:17:04 and seeing the animals, peopleget a healthy respect for them
199 00:17:09 and not this mortal fear.
200 00:17:12 People fear what they do notknow, not what they do know.
201 00:17:15 So the more we canget people to understand
202 00:17:18 how these animals arejust trying to be sharks
203 00:17:21 and not the devil,
204 00:17:23 the more, hopefully, peoplewill want them on the planet.
205 00:17:35 Young white sharkshunt rays and fish,
206 00:17:38 but as they grow bigger,faster and more powerful,
207 00:17:42 their diet changes and theyare drawn to larger prey.
208 00:17:51 As they mature,
209 00:17:52 great whites work their waythrough the food chain,
210 00:17:55 finally assuming theirposition as apex predators.
211 00:18:02 They need only fearthe occasional orca
212 00:18:05 and the species at the verytop of the food chain...
213 00:18:08 Mankind.
214 00:18:16 Marine mammals have a thicklayer of fat called blubber.
215 00:18:21 It can make up to 50%of their bodyweight.
216 00:18:25 It stores energy,aids their buoyancy,
217 00:18:28 and provides insulationfrom the cold water.
218 00:19:21 Seals and sea lions can findrefuge out of the water
219 00:19:25 or in the depthsof the kelp forest.
220 00:19:32 But they need every ounce ofagility to evade predation.
221 00:19:41 Because their concentratedstore of energy
222 00:19:43 is exactly whatattracts the great white.
223 00:20:04 In the open sea,
224 00:20:06 a seal or sea lioncan still outmaneuver a shark.
225 00:20:11 They're even known to snapat the tails of sharks
226 00:20:14 to send them on their way.
227 00:20:19 So the great whites learn to keepa respectful distance and wait.
228 00:20:28 They know the only way toprey upon a seal or sea lion
229 00:20:32 is to find a blind spot,
230 00:20:35 and in a display of astonishingspeed and pure force,
231 00:20:40 take them by ambush.
232 00:20:45 Using a woodendecoy on a fishing line
233 00:20:49 when the sun is low and theshadows long in the water,
234 00:20:53 we can demonstrate the truepower of the great white.
235 00:22:31 But there is something amissin the food chain.
236 00:22:37 The ocean hasbecome a dumping ground
237 00:22:39 for industrialpollution, plastic,
238 00:22:41 and pesticides.
239 00:22:43 Poisonous chemicals andheavy metals like Mercury
240 00:22:46 work their way throughthe marine food chain,
241 00:22:49 accumulating in the blubberof marine mammals.
242 00:22:54 And scientists arebeginning to see the
243 00:22:56 side effects,sickness and sterility,
244 00:22:59 not just in the animals thateat fish, but in people, too.
245 00:23:04 These chemicals pass from fishto seal blubber, to adult shark
246 00:23:08 and onto their unborn pups.
247 00:23:12 But Dr. Chris lowe and his studentsmade an important observation
248 00:23:15 on the toxins he's finding in thebodies of the baby white sharks.
249 00:23:20 The levels that we 're measuringwould be harmful to people.
250 00:23:23 But we're not seeing thoseeffects in these sharks,
251 00:23:25 so we don't knowwhat effect these
252 00:23:27 contaminants areactually having on them.
253 00:23:29 Perhaps the immunesystems of the great whites
254 00:23:33 hold the cure for serious oreven life-threatening illnesses.
255 00:23:41 In the cold waterssurrounding Stewart island
256 00:23:45 are some of New Zealand'sgreat whites.
257 00:24:01 There are anywhere between100 to 200 great white sharks
258 00:24:05 in these waters.
259 00:24:12 These sharks have had littleinteraction with people.
260 00:24:17 They are the southernmostknown population in the world.
261 00:24:31 Little is known about the socialinteraction between great whites,
262 00:24:35 but there does appear to be ahierarchy based upon size.
263 00:24:44 And some interactioninvolves biting.
264 00:24:49 But great whites have great powersof recuperation from such wounds.
265 00:25:07 These sharks are being attracted tothe surface using bait and chum.
266 00:25:12 When the shark takes the bait,researchers are able to attach a device
267 00:25:16 that can record how deep and howfar the sharks actually go.
268 00:26:14 The tags have revealedthat these sharks dive
269 00:26:17 down to over 4,000 feet,
270 00:26:20 depths previously unheard of.
271 00:26:30 Satellite tags arebeginning to reveal
272 00:26:32 some of the greatwhite's secrets.
273 00:26:36 The tags show usthat white sharks make
274 00:26:38 epic journeysthrough unprotected waters.
275 00:26:42 New Zealand's sharksventure as far north as
276 00:26:45 the tropicalwaters of the coral sea.
277 00:26:53 South African sharks are capable ofcrossing the Indian ocean to Australia
278 00:26:57 and back again.
279 00:27:00 Each year, Californian and Mexicansharks travel towards Hawaii
280 00:27:04 and a regiondubbed "shark cafe'. "
281 00:27:08 Only now are scientists beginningto interpret this data
282 00:27:12 and theorize as to where great whitesmate, gestate, and give birth.
283 00:27:21 Clearly, tagging is crucial to ourunderstanding of great whites.
284 00:27:29 Guadalupe is a volcanicisland in the pacific,
285 00:27:32 a lost world.
286 00:27:36 Mauricio hoyos hasbeen studying the great
287 00:27:38 whites of Guadalupefor over 10 years.
288 00:27:43 I firstbecame interested in white sharks
289 00:27:45 when I was a little kid.
290 00:27:47 When I saw the moviejaws I fell in love
291 00:27:49 with the perfectionof this animal.
292 00:27:52 Instead of being afraid,
293 00:27:53 I was amazed byall the adaptations,
294 00:27:56 which make them the most perfectpredator in the oceans.
295 00:28:00 We have detected sharks that ihave tagged in Guadalupe island
296 00:28:04 in the west coast of the unitedstates, and also in Hawaii.
297 00:28:08 For years, he hastagged sharks at the surface,
298 00:28:11 which can be literallya hit and miss affair.
299 00:28:16 He has enlisted the help oftwo world champion freedivers,
300 00:28:21 Fred buyle and William winram, totry and increase his success rate.
301 00:28:27 We've been workingwith Mauricio since 2009.
302 00:28:30 We helped him to tag shark underwaterbecause the way he tags sharks
303 00:28:35 is from the boat,but sometimes some shark
304 00:28:37 don't want to comeclose to the boat
305 00:28:39 so he cannot tag them.
306 00:28:41 During this expedition,our entry and exit into the water
307 00:28:45 to dive with the great whites wasfrom a Mexican fishing boat,
308 00:28:47 which is known as a "panga."
309 00:28:49 Whenever the panga comes inand cuts the motor,
310 00:28:52 immediately at least one sharkwill come up to it.
311 00:28:55 So every time we were gettingin, it was kind of like,
312 00:28:57 "well, do we waitfor a shark to show up
313 00:28:59 "or do we takethe decision and jump in
314 00:29:00 "right away and then makeeye contact with it?"
315 00:29:03 So it was alwaysa little stressful
316 00:29:04 getting in andout of the water.
317 00:29:09 The advantage of freediversis that we can choose the sharks.
318 00:29:12 If he asks us totag a big female,
319 00:29:15 we can choosethe animal and place the
320 00:29:17 transmitter exactlywhere he wants
321 00:29:19 and on the animal he wants.
322 00:29:21 So that's the advantageof having freedivers.
323 00:29:27 Freediving, for me,is the best way to
324 00:29:29 explore the ocean andthe underwater world.
325 00:29:32 It's the most natural wayof going underwater.
326 00:29:36 Humans have been doing thatfor 20,000 years.
327 00:29:39 On freediving, you justgo by your sensations.
328 00:29:43 You are able to enjoy more of thesurrounding and the animals.
329 00:29:46 And I think that's why,as a freediver,
330 00:29:48 I have a bettercontact with the animals.
331 00:29:51 And the best way to observe an animalin the water is not to chase him,
332 00:29:55 but it's to have him coming at you.That's the best way.
333 00:30:01 I'm excited about what's goingto happen. At the same time, we know,
334 00:30:05 always, if either one of us, Fredor myself, starts to space out,
335 00:30:10 we start to lose ourability to concentrate,
336 00:30:13 then, you know, we give asignal and we get out.
337 00:30:15 Because you have to pay attention allthe time with a great white shark.
338 00:30:21 Every single timei dive with them,
339 00:30:23 I'm learning more and more aboutthem and one of the things
340 00:30:27 that's become reallyevident about these
341 00:30:28 animals is that they'rereally, really smart.
342 00:30:34 Buyle". We always workwith three divers
343 00:30:36 in the water becausethen we can have
344 00:30:38 like a triangle and everybody'swatching each other's back.
345 00:30:43 So we always know if thereis a shark behind us.
346 00:30:46 And that's the mostimportant because
347 00:30:48 the great white willalways come from behind
348 00:30:51 or where you don't look at.
349 00:30:52 They know exactlywhere your field of vision is.
350 00:30:56 We never stay five seconds withour head in the same position.
351 00:31:00 We need to showthem that we are
352 00:31:01 watching constantly.They see that.
353 00:31:03 They analyze our bodies. They knowwhere our eyes are. They test us.
354 00:31:09 They know our field of vision.They know that.
355 00:31:11 So we have always to show themthat we are aware. They know.
356 00:31:20 It's a kind of a game.
357 00:31:27 Well, when you're in thewater with the great whites
358 00:31:29 you have tomake eye contact.
359 00:31:31 You make eye contact, you're givingthem notice that you're not prey.
360 00:31:36 You're not reacting like prey.You're standing your ground.
361 00:31:40 It's really aboutmanaging them and
362 00:31:42 keeping them in a placewhere they're not
363 00:31:45 certain what you are.
364 00:31:47 They haven't goneinto an instinctual mode.
365 00:31:49 And the biggest thing to dothat is to maintain your cool.
366 00:32:08 The tagging itself, theprocess when you dive on a shark,
367 00:32:13 it's a very mental process.
368 00:32:16 In fact, you have tobe in a space
369 00:32:17 where you don't thinkabout anything else.
370 00:32:22 But it's a zonewhere you should be
371 00:32:23 very calm,peaceful, not moving.
372 00:32:28 Not even thinking. You don'thave to think because
373 00:32:31 they can pick up thought and littledifferences in your body language.
374 00:32:37 I take a last breathand of course, then,
375 00:32:41 I stop thinkingabout not breathing.
376 00:32:43 It's just... freedivingis then just a tool.
377 00:32:46 Go as slowly as ican towards the shark
378 00:32:50 and then pull the triggerand place the transmitter.
379 00:33:01 And then usually the sharkjustshake a bit and swim straight.
380 00:33:08 The good thing with great white,because they are really big,
381 00:33:11 they get a bit annoyed, leave,
382 00:33:14 but usually in the next two orthree minutes, they are back.
383 00:33:23 When you reach the moment where youare able to swim with the shark
384 00:33:27 and you are atthe same speed
385 00:33:30 and in the same kind ofstate of mind, I think,
386 00:33:32 because, at that point,the shark is peaceful.
387 00:33:36 Of course,he's careful like we are.
388 00:33:38 But we arepeaceful and we think
389 00:33:40 that we can swimfor a while with them.
390 00:33:42 We just observe each other,
391 00:33:45 and I think we just try to understandwhat is the other creature.
392 00:33:51 It's a zone wherenobody is aggressing the other
393 00:33:55 and we just try tounderstand each other.
394 00:34:38 I feel good if I see people goingand enjoying themselves with animals.
395 00:34:44 Especially with theirkids because
396 00:34:46 they are the conservationistsfor the future.
397 00:34:51 So I've talked withcolleagues in Australia
398 00:34:53 and South Africaand they think
399 00:34:54 they're seeing some of the sametrends that we're seeing here.
400 00:34:57 So they've been protected inthose countries for 15 years,
401 00:35:00 and the generationtime of a white shark
402 00:35:02 takes 15 yearsfor them to reach
403 00:35:04 sexual maturity.
404 00:35:05 So it kind of makes sense that weshould start to see more individuals
405 00:35:09 if all this conservationis actually working.
406 00:35:15 I am concerned for thefuture of the white shark.
407 00:35:18 Internationally, they areprotected in a few
408 00:35:20 countries but theyare highly migratory.
409 00:35:22 And they do notrespect human boundaries.
410 00:35:25 I think that we are still ontime to avoid their extinction,
411 00:35:28 but we must get asmuch information as
412 00:35:31 possible to givethe governments the tools
413 00:35:33 to protect them.
414 00:35:35 We don't know muchabout them because
415 00:35:37 most of the observationso far has been
416 00:35:39 made from cages with bait.
417 00:35:42 Just by going freediving with them,you see their true behavior.
418 00:35:47 If great white sharkswere mindless killing machines,
419 00:35:50 we would not be able to do whatwe do in the water with them.
420 00:35:54 Despite being protected in keyterritories for the last 15 years,
421 00:35:59 great white sharks are stillconsidered vulnerable to extinction.
422 00:36:04 They are slow growing, late to mature,and don't produce many young.
423 00:36:11 Key to their survivalis a change in our attitude.
424 00:36:16 Nothing will change our innatefear of this king of the sea,
425 00:36:20 but perhaps we can come tosubstitute fear with respect.
426 00:36:26 By helpingthe great white survive,
427 00:36:28 we'll have a chanceto unlock its mysteries
428 00:36:32 and perhaps learn somethingfor our own survival.
429 00:38:09 The interesting thingthat people don't think about
430 00:38:11 in looking at an animalof the size and power
431 00:38:16 of a great white shark is that weare far more dangerous to them
432 00:38:21 than they've ever been to us.
